S, Krishna Kumar and Martha, Surendra Kumar
(2018)
Development of LMR-NMC Based Cathodes and Si-Based
Anodes for High Energy Density Lithium-Ion Batteries.
PhD thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad.
Abstract
Li-ion Batteries (LIBs) have attracted much attention in recent times among all the
rechargeable batteries available today due to highest energy density (150-200 Wh
kg-1), cell voltage (3.7 V), good cycle life (1000-1500) and low self-discharge (2%
per month). Lithium being the third lightest element, has high potential (-3.07 V vs.
SHE), high capacity (3861 mAh g-1) is an excellent anode material for LIBs.
However, pure Li is very reactive to moisture in air and also form dendrites in LIBs
upon charging to high voltages. The Li dendrites can penetrate through the separator
causing short circuit which leads to development of heat, fire or explosion. The
origin of LIB lies in the discovery that Li+ ions can be reversibly intercalated within
or de-intercalated from the van der Waals gap between graphene sheets of
carbonaceous materials at a potential close to the Li/Li+. Thus, lithium metal is
replaced by carbon based anode materials for LIBs and the problems associated with
pure metallic lithium mitigated. LIBs were first introduced into market by Sony
Corporation of Japan during 1991 by using LiCoO2 cathode and graphite anode in
standard electrolyte solution containing LiPF6 salt in alkyl carbonates. Since then,
the LIB market has grown from an R&D interest and the current market value close
to US$40 billion. The world demand for primary and secondary batteries is
forecasted to be US$120 billion in 2019 in which rechargeable LIBs has market
share about 37%.
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